Variasi Musiman Demam Tifoid di Kota Makassar: Analisis Deret Waktu Berbasis Data Sentinel Pediatrik dan Implikasinya terhadap Kesiapsiagaan Layanan Penyakit Dalam Dewasa
Keywords:
Demam tifoid, Variasi musiman, Analisis deret waktu, Surveilans sentinel pediatrik, Makassar
Abstract
Demam tifoid merupakan penyakit infeksi endemik di Indonesia yang masih memberikan beban signifikan terhadap layanan kesehatan. Variasi musiman diketahui berperan penting dalam dinamika transmisi tifoid, terutama di wilayah perkotaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola variasi musiman kejadian demam tifoid di Kota Makassar berdasarkan data sentinel populasi pediatrik serta implikasinya terhadap kesiapsiagaan layanan penyakit dalam dewasa. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain observasional deskriptif retrospektif dengan pendekatan analisis deret waktu terhadap seluruh kasus demam tifoid (ICD-10: A01.0) yang tercatat di RSIA Ananda Makassar selama periode Januari–Desember 2025. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 376 kasus demam tifoid yang dianalisis, sebanyak 54,8% memerlukan perawatan rawat inap. Distribusi kasus memperlihatkan pola variasi musiman bimodal dengan puncak kejadian pada bulan April serta September–Oktober. Selain itu, rasio rawat inap terhadap rawat jalan meningkat pada periode puncak musiman, yang mengindikasikan kecenderungan derajat keparahan penyakit yang lebih tinggi. Adapun kesimpulan dari penelitian ini bahwa kejadian demam tifoid di Kota Makassar menunjukkan variasi musiman yang jelas. Lonjakan kasus pada populasi pediatrik berpotensi dimanfaatkan sebagai indikator sentinel dalam sistem peringatan dini serta untuk meningkatkan kesiapsiagaan layanan penyakit dalam dewasa di wilayah endemis.
References
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Abraham, D., Kathiresan, L., Sasikumar, M., Aiemjoy, K., Charles, R. C., Kumar, D., Srinivasan, R., Troman, C., Gray, E., Uzzell, C. B., John, J., Veeraraghavan, B., Grassly, N. C., & Mohan, V. R. (2025). Wastewater Surveillance for Salmonella Typhi and Its Association With Seroincidence of Enteric Fever in Vellore, India. Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, 19(3), e0012373. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012373
Ahmed, I., Akbar, M., Qureshi, R., Aslam, I., Hasham, A., & Memon, A. (2023). A Rare Complication of Typhoid Fever: Perforated Gallbladder in Children. PJMHS, 17(1), 565–566. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2023171565
Alam, A., Nurmawati, S., Hawani, D., Dewi, M. M., Djauhari, H., Parwati, I., Kosasih, H., Alisjahbana, B., & Dlh, D. (2023). Unusual Presentation of Typhoid Encephalopathy: Case Reports. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3330156/v1
Basri, B., Kasma, A. Y., Dewi, C., & Rahmadani, N. (2023). Man, Woman, and Water: Exploring Gender Dynamics in Urban Water Clean Access in Makassar City. Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 1275(1), 12039. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1275/1/012039
Biswas, R., & Islam, M. R. (2023). Epidemiological Profile of Typhoid Fever Cases Admitted in a Tertiary Care Hospital at Dhaka City. Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital Journal, 38(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.3329/dshj.v38i1.66999
Ganda, I. J., Kasri, Y., Susanti, M., Hamzah, F., Rauf, S., Albar, H., Aras, J., Fikri, B., Lawang, S. A., Daud, D., Laompo, A., & Massi, M. N. (2022). Kidney Injury Molecule Type-1, Interleukin-18, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 7 Levels in Urine to Predict Acute Kidney Injury in Pediatric Sepsis. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.1024713
GANDHI, A., JOE, G., & Soman, R. (2022). Enteric Fever Still Haunts Us With New Challenges. The National Medical Journal of India, 35, 65–67. https://doi.org/10.25259/nmji_725_22
Gyawali, R., Poudyal, N., & Docherty, A. B. (2025). Efficacy and Safety of Tetanus-Toxoid Conjugate Typhoid Vaccine (Vi-Tt) in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 37(8), 628–637. https://doi.org/10.1177/10105395251362546
Ibrahim, I. A. S. (2023). Antibiotics Susceptibilities and Plasmid Profiles of Salmonella Typhi From Patients Attending Yobe State Specialist Hospital, Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria. Sajols, 1(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.33003/sajols-2023-0101-006
Idrus, H. H., Sunarno, S., Rinendyaputri, R., Rijal, S., Mangarengi, Y., Masriadi, M., Rasfayanah, R., & Nasruddin, H. (2023). The Role of Herbal Medicine in Suppressing the Incidence of Typhoid Fever in Indonesia. 200–209. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-112-8_20
Khanal, P. R., Satyal, D., Bhetwal, A., Maharjan, A., Shakya, S., Tandukar, S., & Parajuli, N. P. (2017). Renaissance of Conventional First-Line Antibiotics InSalmonella EntericaClinical Isolates: Assessment of MICs for Therapeutic Antimicrobials in Enteric Fever Cases From Nepal. Biomed Research International, 2017, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2868143
Khattak, Z., Aala, R., Sani, N. M., Khan, S. A., Khan, S., Shah, S. A., Ansar, R., Riaz, M. N., & Ahmed, H. (2025). Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Salmonella Enterica Typhi in Febrile Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 19(06), 904–912. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.20373
Koesnoe, S., Medise, B. E., Rengganis, I., Hadinegoro, S. R., Puspita, M., Sari, R. M., Yang, J. S., Sahastrabuddhe, S., Soedjatmiko, Gunardi, H., Sekartini, R., Wirahmadi, A., Kekalih, A., Mukhi, S., Satari, H. I., & Bachtiar, N. S. (2024). A Phase II Clinical Trial of a Vi-Dt Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in Healthy Indonesian Adolescents and Adults: One-Month Evaluation of Safety and Immunogenicity. Tropical Diseases Travel Medicine and Vaccines, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40794-023-00210-z
Kumar, G., Karki, S. T., & Prajapati, B. (2013). Is Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Enteric Fever Changing in Kathmandu Valley? Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society, 32(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i3.6625
Kusuma, S. A. F., Herawati, I. E., Ramdhani, D., & MAULANA, B. (2022). Natural Inhibitor of Agronomically Repellent Plant Towards Clinical Isolate of Chloramphenicol Resistant-Salmonella Typhi. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 73–78. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2022.v14s4.pp08
LeBoa, C., Shrestha, S., Shakya, J., Naga, S. R., Shrestha, S., Shakya, M., Yu, A. T., Shrestha, R., Vaidya, K., Katuwal, N., Aiemjoy, K., Bogoch, I. I., Uzzell, C. B., Garrett, D. O., Luby, S. P., Andrews, J. R., & Tamrakar, D. (2023). Environmental Sampling for Typhoidal Salmonellas in Household and Surface Waters in Nepal Identifies Potential Transmission Pathways. Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases, 17(10), e0011341. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0011341
Malagi, N. A. N., Moheet, M. A., & Thobbi, A. N. (2023). A Study of Etiopathogenesis, Clinical and Laboratory Profile Evaluation of Typhoid Fever in Paediatric Age Group in Bijapur. International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 10(6), 850–854. https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20231488
Nasruddin, M. I. S. P. L. H., Surdam, Z., Nurelly, & Syahri, E. (2021). ARTIKEL RISET URL artikel : https://whj.umi.ac.id/index.php/whj/article/view/whj2207 Karakteristik Pasien Demam Tifoid Di Rumah Sakit Ibnu Sina Makassar Penerbit : Rumah Sakit Ibnu Sina YW-UMI. Wal’afiat Hospital Journal, 02(02), 141–148.
Peters, E., Muhammed, N., Maori, L., Haruna, M., Umar, Z., Mamtara, R. C., Awak, S. D., & Damuut, D. P. (2022). Enteric Fever Pattern Among Patients Attending General Hospital Kaltungo. Asian Journal of Biology, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajob/2022/v14i130201
Piliang, M. R., Lestari, D., & Liana, D. F. (2025). Profil Klinis Demam Tifoid pada Anak di Rumah Sakit Universitas Tanjungpura Pontianak Clinical Profile of Child Typhoid Fever at Tanjungpura University Hospital in Pontianak. Jurnal Kesehatan Khatulistiwa P-ISSN: 2407-4063 ? E-ISSN:2963-8356 Profil, 11(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.26418/jurkeswa.v10i2.89965
Purnamasari, R., Syahruddin, F. I., Dirgahayu, A. M., Iskandar, D., & Fadhila. (2023). Karakteristik Klinis Penderita Apendisitis. UMI Medical Journal, 8(2), 117–126.
Ramanda, R. (2025). Epidemiologi Demam Tifoid. Alomedika.
Ren, X., Zhang, S., Luo, P., Zhao, J., Kuang, W., Ni, H., Zhou, N., Dai, H., Hong, X., Yang, X., Zha, W., Lv, Y., Salman, A., Ullah, K., Sharif, S. M. A., Ahmad, N., Ali, B., Alharbi, M. H., Alalhareth, F. K., & Ibrahim, M. A. (2023). Analyzing the Dynamics of a Periodic Typhoid Fever Transmission Model With Imperfect Vaccination. NJLHS, 3(15), 3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/math11153298
Restyana, A., Admaja, W., & Fitria, N. R. (2023). Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Ceftriaxon and Chloramphenicol in Pediatric Patients With Tyfoid Fever in Hospital X, Jombang Regency. Journal for Quality in Public Health, 6(2), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.30994/jqph.v6i2.446
Saha, S., Islam, M. S., Sajib, M. S. I., Saha, S., Uddin, M. J., Hooda, Y., Hasan, M. R., Amin, M. R., Hanif, M., Ullah, S., Islam, M. S., Luby, S. P., Andrews, J. R., & Saha, S. K. (2019). Epidemiology of Typhoid and Paratyphoid: Implications for Vaccine Policy. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 68(Supplement_2), S117–S123. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1124
Susanah, S., Marcelius, D., Rakhmilla, L. E., Rossanti, R., Febrianti, S. A., Sakinah, S., Winyarti, W., Lutfia, S. S., Judistiani, R. T. D., Gurnida, D. A., & Setiabudiawan, B. (2025). The Evaluation of Anemia Among Stunted Children Aged 6–24 Months in Bandung District, West Java, Indonesia. Children, 12(5), 638. https://doi.org/10.3390/children12050638
Published
2026-02-28
How to Cite
Iskandar, D. (2026). Variasi Musiman Demam Tifoid di Kota Makassar: Analisis Deret Waktu Berbasis Data Sentinel Pediatrik dan Implikasinya terhadap Kesiapsiagaan Layanan Penyakit Dalam Dewasa. urnal romotif reventif, 9(1), 70-81. https://doi.org/10.47650/jpp.v9i1.2561
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