Energy-Autonomous IoT Precision Irrigation With Soil Moisture Telemetry For Paddy
Abstract
The adoption of IoT-based smart agriculture in Indonesia is still limited among farmers due to high costs, low digital literacy, and the lack of an easy-to-replicate system. This study develops and evaluates an IoT-based rice field irrigation monitoring and control system with a WiFi shooting and solar architecture. The system uses an ESP32 microcontroller, capacitive soil moisture sensor, DC water pump, 50 Wp solar panels, and TP-Link wireless transmitter for long-distance connectivity. The human-in-the-loop approach is implemented through a web dashboard that allows farmers to control irrigation manually while avoiding the risk of fully automated system failure. The performance of the system is evaluated through experimental testing including sensor validation against the Intelligent Soil Tester, network performance testing at distances of up to 1000 meters, and pump efficiency measurements. The results showed that the calibrated soil moisture sensor achieved 99.0% accuracy with an error of only 1%. The WiFi bridge maintains a stable connection up to a distance of 700 meters with an average response time of 2.08 seconds. The system reduces irrigation control time by 99.0% (from 15.5 minutes to 9 seconds per cycle), saving about 92 minutes each day. The pump produces an average discharge of 22.2 L/min with a power consumption of 180.1 W. This modular system offers an easy-to-replicate solution to bridge the gap between IoT research and the needs of farmers, while supporting the inclusive and sustainable digital transformation of Indonesia's food sector.
References
Abdelli, A., Boujnah, W., Salah, Y. B., Issa, K., Garrab, H., Nengroo, S. H., Machhout, M., & Lee, K. (2025). Field Validated Hybrid ESP-NOW and Long Range IoT Monitoring System for Energy Autonomous Precision Agriculture. IEEE Access, 13, 207511–207526. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3641487
Anshori, R. F., Saleh, M., & Aula, A. (2025). Smart Farming System Design Based on Long Range and Internet of Things. Journal of Computer Science and Informatics Engineering, 4(2), 85–95. https://doi.org/10.55537/cosie.v4i2.1128
Ardhi, H. Y., Muhidin, A., & Wiyatno, T. N. (2025). Implementasi sistem basis data terintegrasi pada aplikasi dashboard monitoring replikasi Bank Tabungan Negara metode prototype [Implementation of an integrated database system in the Bank Tabungan Negara replication monitoring dashboard using the prototype method]. MALCOM: Indonesian Journal of Machine Learning and Computer Science, 5(3), 942–952. https://doi.org/10.57152/malcom.v5i3.2049
Ardiana, W., & Purnomo, D. (2025). Digitalisasi Infrastruktur Pertanian untuk Mendukung Ketersediaan Pangan Nasional. Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 21(2), 53–64.
Djamen, A., & Kamasi, N. V. V. (2025). Pengembangan Smart Farming Berbasis IoT untuk Meningkatkan Optimalisasi Irigasi Pertanian dalam Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan Nasional. Edutik : Jurnal Pendidikan Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi, 5(6), 2234–2249.
Elbasi, E., Ibrahim Alzoubi, Y., Topcu, A. E., & Nadeem, M. (2025). Green AI for Smart Agriculture: Energy-Efficient Predictive Models for Crop Yield and Resource Management. IEEE Access, 13, 204924–204953. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3637027
Elhattab, K., & Abouelmehdi, K. (2024). Intelligent agriculture system using low energy and based on the use of the internet of things. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 13(2), 1286–1297. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v13i2.6346
Fintoro, T., Arbintarso, E. S., & Sudarsono. (2025). Implementasi dan analisis kinerja pompa air tenaga surya tanpa baterai untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan air bersih di Adonara, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Jurnal Teknologi Technoscientia, 18(1), 34–43.
Hammouch, H., El-Yacoubi, M. A., Qin, H., & Berbia, H. (2024). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Intelligent Irrigation Systems. IEEE Access, 12, 128285–128304. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3421322
Hidayat, A. I., Agunawan, A., Mahendra, Y., & Cahyani, W. (2023). Penerapan IoT pada Sistem Deteksi Kadar Air dan Level Tangki Stasiun SPBU. Jurnal Teknik, 21(2), 142–154. https://doi.org/10.37031/jt.v21i2.421
Kafrashi, F., Golchin, H., & Iqbal, T. (2025). Monitoring and Control of a Remote Hybrid Powered Reverse Osmosis Unit for McCallum, NL. Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 717–732. https://doi.org/10.37256/jeee.4220257551
Kgopa, A. T., & Monchusi, B. B. (n.d.). Perceptions of South African small-scale farmers towards the adoption of smart irrigation technologies. South African Journal of Information Management, 27(1), 1962. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajim.v27i1.1962
Kumar, R., & Naik, M. V. (2026). A comprehensive review of control and energy management strategies for solar PV-based water pumping systems. Discover Electronics, 3(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44291-026-00175-1
Mane, S., Singh, G., Das, N. N., Kanungo, A., Nagpal, N., Cosh, M., & Dong, Y. (2025). Development of low-cost handheld soil moisture sensor for farmers and citizen scientists. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 13, 1590662. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2025.1590662
Mohamed, Z. E., Afify, M. K., Badr, M. M., & Omar, O. A. (2026). IoT-driven smart irrigation system to improve water use efficiency. Scientific Reports, 16(1), 2609. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-33826-6
Mowla, Md. N., Mowla, N., Shah, A. F. M. S., Rabie, K. M., & Shongwe, T. (2023). Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks for Smart Agriculture Applications: A Survey. IEEE Access, 11, 145813–145852. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3346299
Prihartanto, H. D., Armin, E. U., & Apriliani, T. A. (2026). Assessment Operasional Pompa Berbasis AI terhadap Efisiensi Energi menuju Green Manufacturing di Kawasan Industri X. Jurnal Informasi, Sains Dan Teknologi, 9(1), 71–88. https://doi.org/10.55606/isaintek.v9i1.405
Qazi, S., Khawaja, B. A., & Farooq, Q. U. (2022). IoT-Equipped and AI-Enabled Next Generation Smart Agriculture: A Critical Review, Current Challenges and Future Trends. IEEE Access, 10, 21219–21235. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3152544
Rahmansyah, F., Murdiyat, P., & Rusda. (2025). Rancang Bangun Sistem Monitoring Pertanian Cerdas Berbasis LoRa Untuk Pemantauan Kondisi Persawahan Secara Real-Time. PoliGrid, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.46964/poligrid.v6i1.62
Santoso, E. M. P. E., Pradana, A. I., & Maulindar, J. (2025). Optimalisasi Teknologi IoT untuk Penyemprotan Tanaman Padi. Innovative: Journal Of Social Science Research, 5(3), 5372–5389. https://doi.org/10.31004/innovative.v5i3.19422
Siyam, A. R., Kheyal, P. A., Sadika, A., Rana, Md. M., & Hassan Siam, M. T. (2025). A Fast IoT Integrated, Modular and Offline-Capable Smart Water Pump Control System Using ESP-NOW Communication Protocol. 2025 International Conference on Quantum Photonics, Artificial Intelligence, and Networking (QPAIN), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/QPAIN66474.2025.11171997
Sukriadi, S., Adawiah, A., & Ismail, I. (2026). Leveraging machine learning for sustainable smart farming in rural landscapes. Discover Food, 6(1), 168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-026-00888-y
Westari, D., & Ilman, S. (2024). Sistem Penyiraman Tanaman Otomatis Berbasis IoT Menggunakan ESP32, Moisture Sensor, DHT22 Sensor dan Blynk. Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Industri, Elektro Dan Informatika, 3(4), 314–321. https://doi.org/10.55606/jtmei.v3i4.4941
Wibisonya, I. (2024). Analisis Pengaruh Sektor Pertanian Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Journal of Agribusiness Science and Rural Development, 3(2), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.32639/ap3ar656
Winarno, R. A., & Lestari, Y. M. (2025). Strategies for digital technology–based modern agricultural transformation: A literature review on the role of the millennial generation in driving sustainable agricultural innovation in the digital era. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Politeknik Pembangunan Pertanian Bogor, 3(3), 474–490.
Yunus, A., & Hasnawati, H. (2025). Hybrid Energi: Sinergi Sumber Daya Untuk Energi Listrik Rumah Petani Modern Desa Bunga Kabupaten Pinrang. Abdimas Toddopuli: Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat, 7(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/10.30605/atjpm.v7i1.6633
